![]() ![]() Intervocalic -ḍ- to -ṛ- or -l-: taḍāga "pond" > talāv, naḍa "reed" > nal.ĭuring the period of Delhi Sultanate, which covered most of today's north India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures, the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian, evolving into the present form of Hindustani.Final -m to -ṽ: grāma "village" > gāma > gāṽ.Collapsing of adjacent vowels (including separated by a hiatus: apara "other" > avara > aur.Loss of unaccented or unstressed short vowels (reflected in schwa deletion): susthira "firm" > sutthira > suthrā.Formation of nasalised long vowels from nasal consonants (-VNC- > -V̄̃C-): bandha "bond" > bā̃dh.Loss of all word-final vowels: rātri "night" > rattī > rāt.Compensatory lengthening of vowels preceding geminate consonants, sometimes with spontaneous nasalisation: Skt.The sound changes that characterised the transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi are: Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descendant of an early form of Vedic Sanskrit, through Shauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged in the 7th century CE. Historyįurther information: History of Hindustani Middle Indo-Aryan to Hindi ![]() The term Modern Standard Hindi is commonly used to specifically refer the modern literary Hindi language, as opposed to colloquial and regional varieties that are also referred to as Hindi in a wider sense. The Greek cognates of the same terms are " Indus" (for the river) and " India" (for the land of the river). The terms "Hindi" and "Hindu" trace back to Old Persian which derived these names from the Sanskrit name Sindhu ( सिन्धु), referring to the Indus River. Īnother name Hindavī ( हिन्दवी) or Hinduī ( हिन्दुई) (from Persian: هندوی "of or belonging to the Hindu/Indian people") was often used in the past, for example by Amir Khusrau in his poetry. It was borrowed from Classical Persian هندی Hindī ( Iranian Persian pronunciation: Hendi), meaning "of or belonging to Hind (India)" (hence, "Indian"). The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Hindi is the fastest growing language of India, followed by Kashmiri in the second place, with Meitei (officially called Manipuri) as well as Gujarati, in the third place, and Bengali in the fourth place, according to the 2011 census of India. According to reports of Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition) Hindi is the third most-spoken language in the world including first and second language speakers. If counted together with the mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English. Hindi is the fourth most-spoken first language in the world, after Mandarin, Spanish and English. Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, standard Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu, another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base. Such languages include Fiji Hindi, which has an official status in Fiji, and Caribbean Hindustani, which is spoken in Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Guyana. Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other nearby languages, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri. Hindi is also spoken, to a lesser extent, in other parts of India (usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi). Hindi is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India. It is an official language in nine states and three union territories and an additional official language in three other states. Hindi, written in the Devanagari script, is one of the two official languages of the Government of India, along with English. ![]() Hindi has been described as a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language, which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and neighbouring areas of North India. Modern Standard Hindi (Hindi: आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi (Hindi: हिन्दी, Hindī), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in North India, and serves as the lingua franca of the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. ![]()
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